The clinical relevance of ROS production in host defense, notably the NOX2/NADPH oxidase in granuloma formation, is consistent with mutations in nox2 leading to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) typified by the development of large size and poorly structured granulomas that are unable to sequester mycobacteria (Deffert et al., 2014) and associated with severe inflammation (Rieber et al., 2012). The gene discussed is CYBB; the disease is Granuloma.