TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Increased levels of reactive oxygen species [7] and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) lead to chronic low-grade inflammation, change of cytokine spectrum, and activation of innate immunity; alterations are present in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively) [8].