MTOR and renal carcinoma: Several types of mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin, its rapalogs and mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitors have been examined in various cancer models, including breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric carcinoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gynecologic cancer, glioblastoma, lymphoma, urinary bladder cancer, renal cancer and medulloblastoma, etc. However, the effects of mTOR inhibitors utilized as monotherapy in cancer are sometimes dampened by several resistance mechanisms [8].