Expression levels of prohibitin (PHB), a mitochondrial protein associated with mitochondrial functional integrity and control of ROS production by the NADH dehydrogenase (25,26), were increased in PD DAns (Fig. 5C), whereas the regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α) (27), also known to activate anti-oxidant enzymes, was found to be increased only in A53T SNCA DAns (Fig. 5D), potentially as a compensatory mechanism in response to increased mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress (28). This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and Parkinson disease.