Experiments performed by the Lee group showed decreases in the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, cell adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, and chemokines MCP‐1 and MIP‐1α after intraparenchymal transplantation of fetal‐ and iPSC‐NSCs in a rodent stroke model (Eckert et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2014). Here, TNF is linked to stroke disorder.