Feeding with alcalase-produced EWH for 15 weeks was reported to protect against renovascular damage in obese T2D rats, which was accompanied with suppressed renal mRNA expression of TNF-α, without altering blood GLP-1 and glucose concentrations [94], suggesting the effect may not be dependent on its DPP-4 inhibiting activity. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.