Published results have demonstrated that PKN1 and/or PKN2 protein levels and/or activity are deregulated in different cohorts of human cardiac pathologies such as atrial fibrosis [91], hibernating myocardium [92] or dilated cardiomyopathy [93], act as cardiomyocyte survival factors after I/R injury [[94], [95], [96]] and can regulate ANF expression in vitro [96]. Here, NPPA is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.