The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) proposed a roadmap or series of natural steps in the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas, from a very low glucose suspend algorithm that simply shuts off the insulin pump when glucose is too low (an on-off algorithm) and focused primarily on overnight, to a dual hormone strategy that manipulates both insulin and glucagon and functions day and night, handles meals and exercise, etc. [12]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.