NOX4 and renal carcinoma: 2017). In contrast, in existing cancers Nox4 is highly upregulated (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000086991-NOX4/pathology). This upregulation, however, is not necessarily associated with lower survival of the patient; in fact, in renal cancer a high expression of Nox4 prolongs the survival of the patient (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000086991-NOX4/pathology/tissue/renal+cancer). In cell culture, in most cases upregulation of Nox4 promotes survival and prevents apoptosis, e.g. of ECV304 cancer cells (Giannoni et al., 2008).