Notably, PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade significantly improved CFU-GM (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and BFU-E (P < 0.05 for both) colony-forming capacity versus IgG control-treated BM-MNC (Fig. 6a), suggesting PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may be a beneficial treatment option to promote effective hematopoiesis in MDS. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and myelodysplastic syndrome.