TLR8 and cancer: BI1361849 (CV9202) is an RNActive®-based cancer immunotherapy containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding different cancer antigens in free and complexed form with the cationic protein protamine; this facilitates antigen expression and activation of the immune system through interaction with toll-like receptor TLR7, TLR8, and intracellular RNA sensors, essentially conferring self-adjuvanting activity, and subsequently inducing an adaptive cellular and humoral immune response [9].