In a study by Nijnik et al, AMP IDR-1002 was observed to provide protection against E. coli infection and induce the secretion of the human peripheral blood monocytes chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL7, and CXCL8 via a Gi-coupled receptor as well as the PI3K, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways [21]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and escherichia coli infection.