TNF and infection: In this study, we demonstrated that JH-3 decreased Salmonella CVCC451 growth and LPS content, inhibited bacterial-infection-induced TLR4 expression, reduced the phosphorylation level of intracellular p38, and decreased the activation of p65 and NF-κB, inhibiting the expression and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α.