The 12–14% of African Americans carrying two APOL1 renal risk alleles in the compound heterozygous or homozygous state (referred to as APOL1 high risk [HR] genotypes) have a 3-, 7-, and 17-fold increased risk for developing hypertension-attributed nephropathy, non-diabetic end-stage kidney disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, respectively, (2–4). The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is Nephropathy.