We have found that blocking TGF-β signaling by the pan-neutralizing antibody 1D11, by TGF-β receptor small molecule inhibitors, or by deficiency of the intracellular canonical signaling mediator Smad3 all protected mice from Schistosoma-induced PAH, exemplified by lower RVSP as well as reduced media thickness when compared to mice treated with the appropriate controls (12). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.