These cytokines can act directly on IECs, promoting proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) transition and metastasis.26 Additionally, anti-tumor (GM-CSF, IFN-γ) cytokines are depleted in CRC,27 which not only accelerates tumor progression but also results in poorer outcomes for patients. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.