TGFB1 and cancer: In the setting of resection of metastatic disease, this surge in TGFb likely has both pro- and anti-oncogenic properties in various tissues in that it can induce apoptosis in cancer cells in early metastatic niches, but can also suppress macrophage phagocytic function [46], promote epithelial mesenchymal transition [47], stimulate angiogenesis and stromal proliferation in more established metastatic disease [19, 47–50].