INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder, primarily characterized by loss of glucose homeostasis, impaired insulin signalling, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, ultimately resulting in progressive systemic complications such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, nephropathy, hepatic injury, vascular dysfunction, etc. The global prevalence of diabetes has quadrupled in the last 30 years [1].