Further accumulation of brain “plaques and tangles” associated with increased brain inflammation and concurrent neuronal loss can then eventually lead to the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [(based on memory testing, the ruling out of other diseases, and more recently using brain imaging techniques to access “plaque” (i.e. beta-amyloid protein) and “tangle” (i.e. tau protein) load in live patients7–10. The gene discussed is MAPT; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.