The strengths of the current study were the selection of a uniform group of patients who had culture-positive, drug sensitive pulmonary TB, were naïve at baseline for anti-tuberculous treatment and ART, had an increase in their CD4+ T cell population with immune recovery, and demonstrated a decline in HIV viral concentration of at least 0.5 log after the initiation of ART. Here, CD4 is linked to pulmonary tuberculosis.