Interestingly, we also observed that in the absence of induced PAO1 infection, in CF zebrafish embryos both TNF-α and IL-β cytokines were significantly activated in comparison to WT, suggesting that the lack of Cftr function, per se, causes a constitutive inflammatory state similar to the one present in human CF patients33–35. The gene discussed is CFTR; the disease is cystic fibrosis.