MTOR and Miyoshi myopathy: Different signal pathways are involved in the development and drug-resistance of MM, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, WNT/β-catenin and NF-κB [25].The binding of MM cells to BM stromal cells triggers adhesion- and cytokine-mediated MM cell growth, survival and migration through activation of p42/p44 MAPK [26].