In addition, bariatric patients have elevated post-prandial insulin secretion, and there are increasing reports of bariatric surgery being used to treat type 2 diabetes in patients who are not severely obese (Pok and Lee, 2014), as well as of post-prandial hypoglycemia occurring years after surgery when increased insulin release occurs on a background of improved insulin sensitivity following loss of body weight (Salehi et al., 2018). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.