KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: 2013). PSA is known to be one of the main downstream target genes of the AR and is used as a biomarker to investigate the progression of prostate cancer and BPH. Therefore, we investigated whether LCW treatment downregulated the expression of AR and PSA in BPH-1 cells by qRT-PCR. Treatment of cells with the highest concentration of LCW for 24 h significantly decreased the mRNA expression of AR to about 63% of the control (Figure 5(B)). In addition, mRNA expression of PSA was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by LCW compared to the control (Figure 5(C)).