Neonatal S. pneumoniae pneumonia significantly increased the relative α-SMA positive area (α-SMA+ area/Pbm2) (0.01071 ± 0.003081 vs 0.005089 ± 0.001586, P<0.01, Figures 2(a) and 2(b)), Acta2-mRNA (2.995 ± 0.9433 vs 0.9065 ± 0.2148, P<0.01, Figure 2(c)), and α-SMA protein levels (1.338 ± 0.5061 vs 0.6376 ± 0.1443, P<0.01, Figures 2(d) and 2(e)) in the adult lungs compared to the uninfected controls. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and pneumonia.