Steroid hormones regulate the expression of NEMO; for example, the estrogen receptor binds to the promoter region of NEMO. Elsarraj et al. [59] found that the level of NEMO increased both in biopsy samples of patients suffering from intraductal carcinoma and in breast cancer cell lines upon estrogen and progesterone treatment. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.