INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In humans, the diagnosis of T1D is typically preceded by a period of asymptomatic autoimmunity characterized by the presence of islet autoantibodies, such as insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and antibodies against GAD (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A), that are highly predictive of future disease (2, 3).