Whereas the highest levels were observed in refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB; 11.3 nm) or in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML; 10.04 nm), the lowest hepcidin levels were seen in refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS; 1.43 nm; p = .003 by analysis of variance [ANOVA]). The gene discussed is HAMP; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia.