TNF and osteoporosis: Increased levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA), have been associated with age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and autoimmune diseases [5].