BECN1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Also, LC3-II and SQSTM1-positive dots were significantly increased in the renal tubular epithelial cells of DN patients and diabetic rats, and in HK-2 cells after exposure to AGEs, which were markedly declined by vitamin E. In addition, we found that the autophagosome formation was not affected by AGEs, as assessed by the mRNA levels of LC3B, Beclin-1, and ATG7.