TXNIP expression is driven by a number of cellular stresses, including serum starvation, lactic acidosis/low pH, ultraviolet and gamma irradiation, endoplasmic-reticulum stress and microgravity (Elgort et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2010; Junn et al., 2000; Versari et al., 2013; Oslowski et al., 2012). Here, TXNIP is linked to lactic acidosis.