INS and Insulin resistance: Here, GRE presented a similar or better effect than Vildagliptin, a known antidiabetic drug, in improving insulin resistance in OBIR rats by reducing elevated HOMA-IR levels and upregulating insulin sensitivity genes, including Insr, Ir1, Ir2, Ampk, and Pi3k. These results are of interest and support the growing evidence on the ameliorative potential of GRE and its major component (aspalathin) on various metabolic complications associated with the metabolic syndrome.