INS and Insulin resistance: Moreover, hepatic insulin resistance suppresses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), an important cell survival signaling pathway, leading to reduced glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) phosphorylation, which, in turn, results in lower insulin-stimulated liver glycogen synthesis and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis [8].