In an attempt to decipher the respective contribution of AKI and previous CKD on adverse outcomes in APE patients, Kostrubiec and coworkers studied the prognostic impact of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), a marker of tubular lesion and acute injury, cystacine C, an early marker of impaired glomerular filtration reflecting previous and acute renal dysfunction and eGFR. Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.