In contrast, a positive association between atopy and S. mansoni infection has been reported in a fishing community of Uganda highly exposed to multiple parasite infections and with high prevalence of allergen-reactive IgE (35), thus suggesting that the effect of helminth infection may be influenced by the parasite burden, time and chronicity of the infection, and co-infection with other species. The gene discussed is IGHE; the disease is biological process involved in symbiotic interaction.