Prior studies have demonstrated that COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathways are potent inhibitors of EMT for epithelial cells,31 and the resultant COX-2-derived PGE2 and PGD2 are mediators of anti-EMT.32 COX-2 was also highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer and is associated with poorer prognosis.33 This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and triple-negative breast carcinoma.