In fact, transforming growth factor-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in various pathophysiological processes, has been reported to induce downregulation of COX-2 while independently facilitating EMT in both normal and lung cancer cells.90,91 Here, we suggest that combinatorial DA treatment is also mediated by similar anti-inflammatory pathways, which lead to less ‘stressful’ stimuli post treatment. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and lung carcinoma.