Endogenously expressed HBV-C particles induced CD8+ T cell responses that mediate HBV clearance in murine infection models.20, 21, 22 Similarly, we could induce HBV-C-specific, but not HBV surface-specific, CD8+ T cells in 1.4HBV-Smut tg mice that harbor a replicating HBV genome in hepatocytes by DNA vaccination.23, 24, 25 A single injection of the HBV-C expression vector pCI/C induced Kb/C93-specific CD8+ T cells in 1.4HBV-Smut tg mice. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is infection.