EMB and neoplasm: In vivo, this antigen-bound cellular RNA functions as a natural endogenous adjuvant12, 13 and enhanced de novo priming of effector CD8+ T cell responses in two well-defined mouse models by DNA vaccination: (1) Kb/C93-specific CD8+ T cells directed against a transgenic HBV-C antigen in the liver of 1.4HBV-Smut tg mice that suppressed HBV replication, and (2) Kb/p15E-specific CD8+ T cells directed against a tumor-specific gp70 antigen that suppressed an outgrowth of subcutaneously transplanted gp70-expressing tumor cells in B6 mice.