The development of normal immune response for faster clearance and recovery in shigellosis has been demonstrated in humans.37 In addition, this model also reflects key components of human shigellosis, such as increases on pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines profiles.38,39 Early cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10) was seen in infected house chow-fed mice, and was correlated with weight change and histopathological scores, reinforcing their role in the pathogenesis and biomarkers of infection outcomes. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.