Because Satb1 is a key regulator of Th17 pathogenicity and its GM-CSF production in autoimmune disease in mice, manipulating Satb1 gene expression or function may be a therapeutic target for various autoimmune diseases in light of accumulating evidence that GM-CSF-targeting treatments have been reported to be effective in clinical trials for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis57–61. Here, CSF2 is linked to autoimmune disease.