CD274 and cancer: Conversely, not all patients with high PD-L1 TPS obtain clinical benefits from ICIs, which suggests the existence of alternative resistance mechanisms, such as mutations that affect the ability of cancer cells to be recognized or eliminated by the immune system [9], or other mechanism of local immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment via pathways that do not directly involve ICI targets such as PD-L1 and PD-1 [3].