Mutations in TNIP1, a gene whose main role is downregulation of the NF-kB pathway, were found in NTD patients [36], and knockout of genes involved in the NF-kB pathway, including Bcl10, IKKa, IKKb, and TRAF6, showed NTD-related phenotypes in embryonic stages in mice [37–39]. Here, IKBKB is linked to neural tube defect.