TGFβ can be activated by αVβ6 integrin and, in IPF, TGFβ1 mediates fibrogenesis by antiproliferative action and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) or by stimulation of fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts, synthesis of ECM proteins, and inhibition of ECM degradation [108,109]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.