TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: For example, STAT3 inhibits lung cancer initiation by maintaining pulmonary homeostasis, whereas it facilitates lung cancer progression by promoting cancer cell growth.24 P38ɑ suppresses inflammation‐associated epithelial damage and tumourigenesis but contributes to the proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells.25 In breast cancer, TGFβ inhibits cell growth at early stages of carcinogenesis, but acts as an aggressive oncogene in more advanced malignant stages.26 We comment that the “dual role” of miR‐4732‐5p in breast cancer needs further investigation.