For example, genes associated with increased rDNA interaction and decreased expression during malignancy are enriched for B-cell lineage and differentiation genes, i.e., pre-B cell leukemia homeobox 1 (Pbx1), Early B-cell Factor 1 (Ebf1), and Runx1. The dysregulation of lineage-associated genes leads to impaired differentiation in hematologic malignancies, such as acute leukemias and some lymphomas67,68,81. This evidence concerns the gene PBX1 and acute leukemia.