MUC1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Vaccines targeted against viruses such as hepatitis B virus and HPV, or tumor antigens, such as MUC1, have demonstrated efficacy in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, and models of colorectal cancer.82 The PATRICIA trial of HPV presented stunning results with over 90% vaccine efficacy for lesions with HPV-16 or HPV-18 infection.83 Early phase treatment with a MUC1 vaccine have illustrated enhanced immune response to presenting MUC1 tumor antigens.84 However, the use of vaccines for cancer prevention may not be applicable for all cancer types.