Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been associated with a reduced risk of developing several gastrointestinal cancers, though an inhibitory effect has been observed consistently in colorectal cancer.37,61 NSAID and COXIB use has been effective in reducing incidence of adenomas and colorectal cancer in both hereditary/high-risk and average-risk populations.62 The United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) has integrated a precision prevention approach into population-level evidence-based recommendations. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and colorectal cancer.