NP has been regularly detected in IIV formulations,16,17 in variable, but sometimes considerable amounts.18 However, it has been shown that, when included in the IIV, NP exerts relatively poor CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity both in humans and in mice.19 There is a need, therefore, for novel forms of influenza NP capable of significantly enhancing the immunogenicity of this antigen, even when administered with IIV. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and influenza.