With their adundant expression of TLR5 CD8+XCR1neg DCs may instead be poised to influence the phenotype of the CD4+ T cell response during bacterial infection similar to CD11b+CD103+ DCs, which drive Th17 responses after TLR5 ligation via production of IL-6 (18) and IL-23 (65). This evidence concerns the gene ITGAM and bacterial infectious disease.