The most highly upregulated gene, however, was the human mucosal innate immunity gene, Mucin13 (MUC13, average 16.51 upregulation, p = 7.84 × 10−51), a gene which is also upregulated at the mRNA level in response to H. pylori infection or IL-1β stimulation of MKN7 cells35 or treatment with the colitis-inducing agent, dextran sodium sulfate36. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and colitis.