While the majority of the biological processes identified mirrored those found in the pathway analysis (i.e., apoptosis- and IFN-related cellular responses) or were directly related to cellular damage responses (e.g., ATP catabolism, unfolded protein response, DNA damage), IL6- and IL8-related cellular responses were also identified, suggesting a potential role of these immune mediators in the host response to IAV bacterial co-infections. Here, IFNA1 is linked to coinfection.