GDF15 and atrial fibrillation: GDF‐15 also participated in the development of cardiac remodeling in HF with a function of counterworking hypertrophy and apoptosis through PI3K‐Akt, ERK1/2, and SMAD2/3 signaling pathways.2 A study of a large sample of AF has identified that GDF‐15 is an indicator for the prognosis of major bleeding and death.33 Owing to the incidence trend of ischemic heart disease, the application of GDF‐15 on early diagnosis and prognosis of disease is widely studied.