ICAM1 and familial hypercholesterolemia: The association between HIV infection and high levels of ICAM-1 reported here expands the limited literature on sub-Saharan Africa6 and is consistent with findings from high-income countries.2 Although other risk factors, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and ART, can contribute to endothelial activation, we found that this association is independent of those factors.