EEF1A1 and bacterial infectious disease: The notable lack of EF-Tu in Lactobacillus MVs also contrasts with the presence of the protein in OMVs of several pathogenic Gram-negatives, including E. coli isolates from hospital patients24, Burkholderia pseudomallei25, and Acinetobacter baumannii26, where it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial infection through its ability to adhere with host cells and its immunomodulatory effects.